DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

The aim of descriptive text: to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Text Structure:

▪ Identification :  identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.

▪ Description : gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Grammatical Features:

▪ Who? What?

▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense

▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase

▪ Attributive (the)

▪ Use of attributive and identifying process

▪ Focus on specific participants

▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text:

Natural Bridge National Park

Natural Bridge National Park is luscious tropical rainforest. It is located 110 kilometers south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by travelling through the Numimbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park.

The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural ‘arch’ and the cave through which a waterfall cascades is a short one-kilometer walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night-time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms.

Picnic areas offer toilets, barbeque, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however, overnight camping is not permitted.

PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND IT

Preposition of Time : at, in, on

We use :

• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

at	in	on
PRECISE TIME	MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS	DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock	in May	on Sunday
at 10.30am	in summer	on Tuesdays
at noon	in the summer	on 6 March
at dinnertime	in 1990	on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime	in the 1990s	on Christmas Day
at sunrise	in the next century	on Independence Day
at sunset	in the Ice Age	on my birthday
at the moment	in the past/future	on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

• I have a meeting at 11am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In London, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Mars in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Wednesday?
• Her birthday is on 17 May.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression	Example
at night	The Moon shine at night.
at the weekend	I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter	I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time	We finished the test at the same time.
at present	He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in	on
in the morning	on Sunday morning
in the mornings	on Friday mornings
in the afternoon(s)	on Saturday afternoons
in the evening(s)	on Thursday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

• I went to London last May. (not in last May)
• He's coming back next week. (not on next Week)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this Afternoon. (not in this Afternoon)

Preposition of Place : at, in, on

In general, we use :

• at for a POINT
• in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
• on for a SURFACE

at	in	on
POINT	ENCLOSED SPACE	SURFACE
at the corner	in the park	on the wall
at the bus stop	in Manchester	on the ceiling
at the door	in Germany	on the door
at the top of the page	in a basket	on the cover
at the end of the road	in my pocket	on the floor
at the entrance	in my wallet	on the carpet
at the crossroads	in a building	on the menu
at the front desk	in a car	on a page

Look at these examples:

• Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
• The shop is at the end of the street.
• My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
• When will you arrive at the office?
• Do you work in an office?
• I have a meeting in New York.
• Do you live in Japan?
• Jupiter is in the Solar System.
• The author's name is on the cover of the book.
• There are no prices on this menu.
• You are standing on my foot.
• There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
• I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.

Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these standard expressions:

at	in	on
at home	in a car	on a bus
at work	in a taxi	on a train
at school	in a helicopter	on a plane
at university	in a car	on a ship
at college	in a lift (elevator)	on a bicycle, on a motorbike
at the top	in the newspaper	on a horse, on an elephant
at the bottom	in the sky	on the radio, on television
at the side	in a row	on the left, on the right
at reception	in Oxford Street	on the way

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT

In this page we will learn about Asking Someone if Remembers or Not^^.

Formal expressions:
- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:
- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m affraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example..
It was Sunday morning, Zacky got dressed and had breakfast quickly. He was ready to leave for school. His father was a little puzzled. 

Father: Hey...hey.... are you going to school?

Zacky: Yes, Dad. I overslept. I’m in a hurry

Father : You remember Sunday, don’t you?

Zacky : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day ! 

PASSIVE VOICE

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Pattern: be + past participle
Example:
- The boy are listening to a story.
The story was being told by grandfather.

- Snow white eats a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white

- Snow white is eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is being eaten by snow white

- Snow white has eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple has been eaten by snow white

- Snow white ate a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was eaten by snow white

- Snow white was eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was being eaten by snow white

- Snow white had eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple had been eaten by snow white

- Snow white will eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will be eaten by snow white

- Snow white is going to eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is going to be eaten by snow white

- Snow white will have eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will have been eaten by snow white 

OFFERING

'Can I help you ?'
kita sering mendengar ucapan tersebut.
So, that is the example of offering.
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
 
Sam : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr. Tom?
Mr. Tom : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
  Sam: Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Jerry?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Andy?
* Would you care some salad?

Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple Future tense is used to describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.
Formation of sentences
1. Positive
( + ) S + shall/ will + V1
Ex :
- I shall clean the room
- We will go to school
Or
( + ) S + be + going to + V1
Ex :
- I am going to play tennis
- He is going to write a story
Notes : "shall" just can use for subject "I and we"

2. Negative
( - ) S + shall/ will + not+ V1
Ex :
- I shan't buy a shirt
- He won't clean the room
Or
( - ) S + be + not +going to + V1
Ex : I am not going to give a present
Notes : shall not = shan't, will not = won't

3. Interrogative
( ? ) Shall/ will + S + V ?
Ex : Will we playing tennis ?
Or
( ? ) Be + S + going to + V ?
Ex : Is she going to write story ?

 

NOUN PHRASE

Hi guys,in this page we learn about Noun Phrase.
This the exmple of Noun Phrase
►Yao Ming is a tall boy.
►He is so cool.
1. Noun phrases is constraction function as subject and object .
2. Noun phrases is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words
containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or
pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

- Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book
e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen

- The noun phrases in English composed petenhally of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.

Example 1 :
Shaggy : Do you like books ?
Jojo : Yes, I like them.
Shaggy : Do you like books over there?
Jojo : Yes, they are nice.
Shaggy : Do you like the book which I brought yesterday?
Jojo : Yes, I like it.

Example 2 :
- Nicko was late
( Nicko is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)

- Some noun phrase are short :
* The student

- Some are long :
* The very tall education consultant.

 

FINITE VERBS

This is the definition of Finite Vebrs.
Check this out
Definition:
Finite verbs (sometimes called main verbs) are verb forms suitable for use in predicates in that they carry inflections or other formal characteristics limiting their number(singular / plural), person, and tense(past / present etc). Finite verbs can function on their own as the core of an independent sentence.

For example

• I walked, they walk, and she walks are finite verbs
  * (to) walk is an infinitive.
• I lived in Germany.
  * "I" is the subject. "Lived" describes what the subject did. "Lived" is a finite verb.

Examples

• The truck demolished the restaurant.
• The leaves were yellow and sickly.

NEWS ITEM

News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

- Generic Structure
* Newsworthy event (s) : recount the event in summary form
*Background Event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
* Sources : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event

- Signification grammar features :
* Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
* Generally using simple past tense
* Use of material processes to retell the event
* Using action verbs , (,) : were, run, go, kill, etc
* Using saying verbs , (.) : say, tell
* Focus on circumstances
* Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences 

INTRODUCTORY IT

►To meet you is great 

►It's great to meet you

 

Itu contoh dari Introductory It

ni gue kasih patternnya

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.

A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.

Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

Introductory “it” as a subject:

To watch musical programs is pleasant.

It is pleasant to watch musical program.

To play football must be fun.

It is fun to play football.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Faizal said 'It's cool'
'It's cool ' Faizal said
itu baru satu dari sekian banyak contoh Direct & Indirect
ni ane kasih definisinya ^^

'Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.

For example:

Nicky said, “It’s hot”.

Or

“It’s hot,” Nicky said.

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the past form

Modals
present	Past
can	could
will	would
shall	should
may	might

1. Could + Verb base

ô to offer suggestions or possibilities

Example:

Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.

Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.

Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example:

Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?

Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young.

But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?

Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river

ô to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?

Could you lend me your jacket now?

Could you please close the door?

Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base

ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example:

When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.

On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example:

Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?

Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?

Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

ô to express polite requests

Example:

Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?

Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?

Bella : No problem

ô to give definite advice (advisability)

Example:

Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight.

You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?

Putri : I will, Bunda.

Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.

Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty

Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)

They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.

Application should be sent before March 25^th.

4. Might + Verb base

ô to tell possibilities

Example:

David : Where is Deddy?

Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.

ô To express polite requests

Example:

Tian : Might I borrow your coat?

Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and

I don’t know when he’ll return it.

SURPRISE AND DISBELIFS

- Can you believe this ?

Example of exressing surprise :
Nila : Whose motorbike is that ?
Sisy : It's Nicko's
Nila : Are you kidding me ?
Sisy : No. I'm not. I saw he riding that motorbike this morning.
Nila : What a surprise !

*To expressing disbelief :
- I don't believe it
- It can't be true
- I can't think of it
- I don't trust you

Example of expressing disbeliefs :
Dewi : Do you know ? You get the best score at English test!
Pamela : What ? I don't believe that.
Dewi : This is fact !
Pamela : Woow! That's very surprise !

 

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

* Could you tell me...?
* Do you know...?
* Do you happen to know...?
* I'd like to know...
* Could you find out...?
* I'm interested in...
* I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

* I'm calling to find out...
* I'm calling about...

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT AND CONGRATULATION

Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say “thank you” when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Expressing gratitude:
- I should like to express my gratitude
-Thank you very much
- Thanks for your help
-How can I thank you?
-I’m very grateful to you
-I can’t thank you enough
-I’m very much obliged to you.

Responding:
- It was the least I could do
- You’re welcome
- No big deal
- Don’t mention it
- It’s a pleasure
- That’s all right
- Any time


Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Complimenting:
- Good grade!
- Nice work
- Excellent!
- Good job!
- You look great
- What a nice t-shirt
- I really must express my admiration for your dance
- You look very nice (beautiful/handsome)


Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulating:
- I must congratulate you
- Please accept my warmest congratulations
- I’d like to be first to congratulate you
- Congratulations on your success
- Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

Build Up :
Attic =People store things in the attic.

Ballroom =A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room =A small room used for storage.
Cellar =Underneath the house.
Cloakroom =A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory = A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.

Dining Room =A room where people eat.
Drawing Room =A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.

Games Room = A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall = The entrance passage to a house.

Larder =A small room used for the storage of food.

Library =A room where books are kept.

Lounge =Another name for living room.

Music Room =A room where people play music.

Office =A room where people work.

Pantry =A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour =Old fashioned word for living room.

Sitting Room =Another name for living room.

Spare Room/Guest Room =A room where guests sleep.

Toilet = A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)

Utility Room =A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

♠MY PRIMBON PART 2 ♠